Librería Servicio Médico

Author:  Bikramjit Basu, Kantesh Balani

Language: English

Finishing : Hardcover,  512 pages

ISBN: 978-0-470-49711-1

Edition Number:  1/2011

Author Information

Bikramjit Basu, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur. He is currently on leave at the Materials Research Center, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India. His research interests include processing-structure-property correlation in structural ceramics, including nanoceramics and nanocomposites as well as biomaterials and tribology of advanced materials. In recognition of his contributions to the field of ceramic and biomaterials science, he has received noteworthy awards from the Indian National Academy of Engineering (2004), the Indian National Science Academy (2005), the Metallurgist of the Year Award (2010) from the Indian government, and the NASI - SCOPUS Young Scientist Award (2010) from Elsevier and the National Academy of Sciences, India (NASI). He was the recipient of the Robert L. Coble Award for Young Scholars from the American Ceramic Society in 2008.

Kantesh Balani, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur. His research focuses on the processing and characterization of carbon nanotube (CNT) based biomaterials, energy materials, and correlating mechanics at multiple length scales. He has received several recognitions as a Young Scientist, as well as a Young Engineer, for his contributions in the field of materials science.

Description

This book covers the area of advanced ceramic composites broadly, providing important introductory chapters to fundamentals, processing, and applications of advanced ceramic composites. Within each section, specific topics covered highlight the state of the art research within one of the above sections. The organization of the book is designed to provide easy understanding by students as well as professionals interested in advanced ceramic composites. The various sections discuss fundamentals of nature and characteristics of ceramics, processing of ceramics, processing and properties of toughened ceramics, high temperature ceramics, nanoceramics and nanoceramic composites, and bioceramics and biocomposites.

Table Of Contents

Section One Fundamentals of Nature and Characteristics of Ceramics

1. Ceramics: Definition and Characteristics 3

• 1.1 Materials Classification 3
• 1.2 Historical Perspective; Defi nition and Classifi cation of Ceramics 4
• 1.3 Properties of Structural Ceramics 8
• 1.4 Applications of Structural Ceramics 9

2. Bonding, Structure, and Physical Properties 14

• 2.1 Primary Bonding 15
• 2.1.1 Ionic Bonding 15
• 2.1.2 Covalent Bonding 18
• 2.1.3 Pauling’s Rules 19
• 2.1.4 Secondary Bonding 21
• 2.2 Structure 21
• 2.2.1 NaCl-type Rock-Salt Structure 22
• 2.2.2 ZnS-Type Wurtzite Structure 22
• 2.2.3 ZnS-Type Zinc Blende Structure 23
• 2.2.4 CsCl Cesium Chloride Structure 23
• 2.2.5 CaF2 Fluorite Structure 23
• 2.2.6 Antifl uorite Structure 24
• 2.2.7 Rutile Structure 24
• 2.2.8 Al2O3 Corundum Structure 24
• 2.2.9 Spinel Structure 25
• 2.2.10 Perovskite Structure 26
• 2.2.11 Ilmenite Structure 26
• 2.2.12 Silicate Structures 26
• 2.3 Oxide Ceramics 28
• 2.4 Non-Oxide Ceramics 30

3. Mechanical Behavior of Ceramics 34

• 3.1 Theory of Brittle Fracture 34
• 3.1.1 Theoretical Cohesive Strength 34
• 3.1.2 Inglis Theory 35
• 3.1.3 Griffi th’s Theory 37
• 3.1.4 Irwin’s Theory 39
• 3.1.5 Concept of Fracture Toughness 39
• 3.2 Cracking in Brittle Materials 40
• 3.3 Strength Variability of Ceramics 42
• 3.4 Physics of the Fracture of Brittle Solids 42
• 3.4.1 Weakest Link Fracture Statistics 44
• 3.5 Basic Mechanical Properties 48
• 3.5.1 Vickers Hardness 48
• 3.5.2 Instrumented Indentation Measurements 48
• 3.5.3 Compressive Strength 50
• 3.5.4 Flexural Strength 51
• 3.5.5 Elastic Modulus 52
• 3.5.6 Fracture Toughness 53
• 3.5.6.1 Long Crack Methods 54
• 3.5.6.2 Fracture Toughness Evaluation Using Indentation Cracking 55
• 3.6 Toughening Mechanisms 59

Section Two Processing of Ceramics

4. Synthesis of High-Purity Ceramic Powders 67

• 4.1 Synthesis of ZrO2 Powders 67
• 4.2 Synthesis of TiB2 Powders 68
• 4.3 Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Powders 70
• 4.4 Synthesis of High-Purity Tungsten Carbide Powders 71

5. Sintering of Ceramics 76

• 5.1 Introduction 76
• 5.2 Classifi cation 78
• 5.3 Thermodynamic Driving Force 79
• 5.4 Solid-State Sintering 82
• 5.5 Competition between Densification and Grain Growth 84
• 5.6 Liquid-Phase Sintering 88
• 5.7 Important Factors Infl uencing the Sintering Process 90
• 5.8 Powder Metallurgical Processes 92
• 5.8.1 Ball Milling 92
• 5.8.2 Compaction 94
• 5.8.2.1 Cold Pressing 94
• 5.8.2.2 Cold Isostatic Pressing 96
• 5.8.3 Pressureless Sintering 97
• 5.8.4 Reactive Sintering 98
• 5.8.5 Microwave Sintering 99

6. Thermomechanical Sintering Methods 105

• 6.1 Hot Pressing 105
• 6.2 Extrusion 108
• 6.3 Hot Isostatic Pressing 110
• 6.4 Hot Rolling 112
• 6.5 Sinter Forging 114
• 6.6 Spark Plasma Sintering 116

Section Three Surface Coatings

7. Environment and Engineering of Ceramic Materials 123

• 7.1 Environmental Infl uence on Properties of Engineering Ceramics 124
• 7.1.1 Oxidation Resistance 125
• 7.1.2 Corrosion Resistance 126
• 7.1.3 Creep Resistance 126
• 7.1.4 Hard Bearing Surfaces 126
• 7.1.5 Thermal and Electrical Insulation 126
• 7.1.6 Abrasion-Resistant Ceramics 127
• 7.1.7 Fretting Wear Resistance, Surface Fatigue, Impact Resistance 127
• 7.1.8 Erosion and Cavitation Resistance 127
• 7.2 Classifi cation and Engineering of Ceramic Materials 128
• 7.2.1 Non-Oxide Ceramics 128
• 7.2.2 Oxide Ceramics 132

8. Thermal Spraying of Ceramics 137

• 8.1 Mechanism of Thermal Spraying 137
• 8.1.1 Advantages of Thermal Spraying 140
• 8.1.2 Disadvantages of Thermal Spraying 141
• 8.2 Classifi cation of Thermal Spraying 141
• 8.2.1 Combustion Thermal Spraying 142
• 8.2.1.1 Flame (Powder or Wire) Spraying 142
• 8.2.1.2 High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel Spraying 144
• 8.2.1.3 Detonation Spray Technique 145
• 8.2.2 Electric Arc Spraying 148
• 8.2.3 Cold Spraying 149
• 8.2.4 Plasma Spraying 150
• 8.2.4.1 Atmospheric Plasma Spraying 152
• 8.2.4.2 Vacuum Plasma Spraying 154
• 8.3 Splat Formation and Spread 154
• 8.4 Near Net Shape Forming 156
• 8.5 Overview 157

9. Coatings and Protection of Structural Ceramics 160

• 9.1 Coatings 160
• 9.2 Protective Coatings 162
• 9.2.1 Biological Applications 162
• 9.3 Rocket Nozzle Inserts 163
• 9.4 Thermal Barrier Coatings 165
• 9.5 Wear Resistance 166
• 9.6 Corrosion Protection by Ceramics 168
• 9.7 Optically Transparent Ceramics 169
• 9.8 Ceramic Pottery and Sculptures 169

Section Four Processing and Properties of Toughened Ceramics

10. Toughness Optimization in Zirconia-Based Ceramics 175

• 10.1 Introduction 175
• 10.2 Transformation Characteristics of Tetragonal Zirconia 176
• 10.3 Phase Equilibria and Microstructure 177
• 10.4 Transformation Toughening 178
• 10.4.1 Thermodynamics of Transformation 179
• 10.4.2 Micromechanical Modeling 180
• 10.5 Stabilization of Tetragonal Zirconia 182
• 10.6 Production and Properties of Y-TZP Ceramics 183
• 10.7 Different Factors Infl uencing Transformation Toughening 184
• 10.7.1 Grain Size 187
• 10.7.2 Grain Shape and Grain Boundary Phase 188
• 10.7.3 Yttria Content 192
• 10.7.4 Yttria Distribution 193
• 10.7.5 MS Temperature 197
• 10.7.6 Transformation Zone Size and Shape 197
• 10.7.7 Residual Stress 199
• 10.8 Additional Toughening Mechanisms 199
• 10.8.1 Stress-Induced Microcracking 200
• 10.8.2 Ferroelastic Toughening 201
• 10.9 Coupled Toughening Response 203
• 10.10 Toughness Optimization in Y-TZP-Based Composites 203
• 10.10.1 Influence of Thermal Residual Stresses 206
• 10.10.2 Influence of Zirconia Matrix Stabilization 207
• 10.11 Outlook 208

11. S-Phase SiAlON Ceramics: Microstructure and Properties 215

• 11.1 Introduction 215
• 11.2 Materials Processing and Property Measurements 216
• 11.3 Microstructural Development 217
• 11.4 Mechanical Properties 220
• 11.4.1 Load-Dependent Hardness Properties 226
• 11.4.2 R-Curve Behavior 228
• 11.5 Concluding Remarks 230

12. Toughness and Tribological Properties of MAX Phases 234

• 12.1 Emergence of MAX Phases 234
• 12.2 Classification of MAX Phases 235
• 12.3 Damage Tolerance of MAX Phases 238
• 12.4 Wear of Ti3SiC2 MAX Phase 244
• 12.5 Concluding Remarks 254

Section Five High-Temperature Ceramics

13. Overview: High-Temperature Ceramics 259

• 13.1 Introduction 259
• 13.2 Phase Diagram and Crystal Structure 260
• 13.3 Processing, Microstructure, and Properties of Bulk TiB2 261
• 13.3.1 Preparation of TiB2 Powder 261
• 13.3.2 Densification and Microstructure of Binderless TiB2 265
• 13.4 Use of Metallic Sinter-Additives on Densification and Properties 269
• 13.5 Influence of Nonmetallic Additives on Densification and Properties 271
• 13.6 Important Applications of Bulk TiB2-Based Materials 281
• 13.7 Concluding Remarks 281

14. Processing and Properties of TiB2 and ZrB2 with Sinter-Additives 286

• 14.1 Introduction 286
• 14.2 Materials Processing 287
• 14.3 TiB2–MoSi2 System 288
• 14.3.1 Densification, Microstructure, and Sintering Reactions 288
• 14.3.2 Mechanical Properties 288
• 14.3.3 Depth Sensing Instrumented Indentation Response 290
• 14.3.4 Residual Strain-Induced Property Degradation 293
• 14.3.5 Relationship between Indentation Work Done and Phase Assemblage 295
• 14.4 TiB2–TiSi2 System 296
• 14.4.1 Sintering Reactions and Densifi cation Mechanisms 296
• 14.4.2 Mechanical Properties 298
• 14.4.3 Residual Stress or Strain and Property Degradation 298
• 14.5 ZrB2–SiC–TiSi2 Composites 300
• 14.6 Concluding Remarks 301

15. High-Temperature Mechanical and Oxidation Properties 305

• 15.1 Introduction 305
• 15.2 High-Temperature Property Measurements 309
• 15.3 High-Temperature Mechanical Properties 310
• 15.3.1 High-Temperature Flexural Strength 310
• 15.3.2 Hot Hardness Property 311
• 15.4 Oxidation Behavior of TiB2–MoSi2 312
• 15.5 Oxidation Behavior of TiB2–TiSi2 315
• 15.5.1 Oxidation Kinetics 315
• 15.5.2 Morphological Characteristics of Oxidized Surfaces 317
• 15.6 Concluding Remarks 317

Section Six Nanoceramic Composites

16. Overview: Relevance, Characteristics, and Applications of Nanostructured Ceramics 323

• 16.1 Introduction 323
• 16.2 Problems Associated with Synthesis of Nanosized Powders 326
• 16.2.1 Methods of Synthesis of Nanoscaled Ceramic Powders 326
• 16.2.2 Challenges Posed by the Typical Properties of Nanoscaled Powders 327
• 16.3 Challenges Faced during Processing 328
• 16.3.1 Problems Arising due to Fine Powders 328
• 16.3.2 Challenges Faced due to Agglomerated Powders 329
• 16.4 Processing of Bulk Nanocrystalline Ceramics 330
• 16.4.1 Processes Used for Developing Bulk Nanocrystalline Ceramics 330
• 16.4.2 Mechanisms Leading to Enhanced Sintering Kinetics on Pressure Application 331
• 16.5 Mechanical Properties of Bulk Ceramic Nanomaterials 332
• 16.5.1 Mechanical Properties 332
• 16.5.1.1 Hardness and Yield Strength 332
• 16.5.1.2 Fracture Strength and Fracture Toughness 335
• 16.5.1.3 Superplasticity 338
• 16.6 Applications of Nanoceramics 339
• 16.7 Conclusion and Outlook 341

17. Oxide Nanoceramic Composites 347

• 17.1 Overview 347
• 17.2 Al2O3-Based Nanocomposites 349
• 17.3 ZrO2-Based Nanocomposites 355
• 17.4 Case Study 356
• 17.4.1 Yttria-Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystal Nanoceramics 356
• 17.4.2 ZrO2–ZrB2 Nanoceramic Composites 357

18. Microstructure Development and Properties of Non-Oxide Ceramic Nanocomposites 366

• 18.1 Nanocomposites Based on Si3N4 366
• 18.2 Other Advanced Nanocomposites 371
• 18.2.1 Mullite–SiC 371
• 18.2.2 Yttrium Aluminum Garnet–SiC 371
• 18.2.3 SiC–TiC 371
• 18.2.4 Hydroxyapatite–ZrO2 Nanobiocomposites 371
• 18.2.5 Stress-Sensing Nanocomposites 372
• 18.3 WC-Based Nanocomposites 372
• 18.3.1 Background 372
• 18.3.2 WC–ZrO2 Nanoceramic Composites 375
• 18.3.3 WC–ZrO2–Co Nanocomposites 380
• 18.3.4 Toughness of WC–ZrO2-Based Nanoceramic Composites 384
• 18.3.5 Comparison with Other Ceramic Nanocomposites 385

Section Seven Bioceramics and Biocomposites

19. Overview: Introduction to Biomaterials 393

• 19.1 Introduction 393
• 19.2 Hard Tissues 394
• 19.3 Some Useful Defi nitions and Their Implications 395
• 19.3.1 Biomaterial 395
• 19.3.2 Biocompatibility 397
• 19.3.3 Host Response 397
• 19.4 Cell–Material Interaction 398
• 19.5 Bacterial Infection and Biofi lm Formation 400
• 19.6 Different Factors Infl uencing Bacterial Adhesion 402
• 19.6.1 Material Factors 404
• 19.6.2 Bacteria-Related Factors 405
• 19.6.3 External Factors 406
• 19.7 Experimental Evaluation of Biocompatibility 406
• 19.8 Overview of Properties of Some Biomaterials 413
• 19.8.1 Coating on Metals 413
• 19.8.2 Glass-Ceramics-Based Biomaterials 417
• 19.9 Outlook 418

20. Calcium Phosphate-Based Bioceramic Composites 422

• 20.1 Introduction 422
• 20.2 Bioinert Ceramics 424
• 20.3 Calcium Phosphate-Based Biomaterials 425
• 20.4 Calcium Phosphate–Mullite Composites 428
• 20.4.1 Mechanical Properties 430
• 20.4.2 Biocompatibility (In Vitro and In Vivo) 431
• 20.5 Hydroxyapatite–Ti System 434
• 20.6 Enhancement of Antimicrobial Properties of Hydroxyapatite 434
• 20.6.1 Hydroxyapatite–Ag System 437
• 20.6.2 Hydroxyapatite–ZnO System 439

21. Tribological Properties of Ceramic Biocomposites 448

• 21.1 Introduction 448
• 21.2 Tribology of Ceramic Biocomposites 449
• 21.3 Tribological Properties of Mullite-Reinforced Hydroxyapatite 450
• 21.3.1 Materials and Experiments 451
• 21.3.2 Effect of Lubrication on the Wear Resistance of Mullite-Reinforced Hydroxyapatite 451
• 21.3.3 Surface Topography of Mullite-Reinforced Hydroxyapatite after Fretting Wear 454
• 21.4 Tribological Properties of Plasma-Sprayed Hydroxyapatite Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes 454
• 21.4.1 Bulk Wear Resistance of Hydroxyapatite Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes 454
• 21.4.2 Nanomechanical Properties of Hydroxyapatite Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes 457
• 21.4.3 Nanoscratching of Hydroxyapatite Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes 461
• 21.5 Laser Surface Treatment of Calcium Phosphate Biocomposites 461

 See Chapter One

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