Librería Servicio Médico

Author : W. Brown / Y.-C. Norman Cheng / Mark Haacke / R. Thompson / Venkatesan

Language: English

Finishing : Hardcover, 1008 pages

ISBN : 978-0-471-72085-0

Edition Number: 2/2014

Description:

New edition explores contemporary MRI principles and practices

Thoroughly revised, updated and expanded, the second edition of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Physical Principles and Sequence Design remains the preeminent text in its field. Using consistent nomenclature and mathematical notations throughout all the chapters, this new edition carefully explains the physical principles of magnetic resonance imaging design and implementation. In addition, detailed figures and MR images enable readers to better grasp core concepts, methods, and applications.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Second Edition begins with an introduction to fundamental principles, with coverage of magnetization, relaxation, quantum mechanics, signal detection and acquisition, Fourier imaging, image reconstruction, contrast, signal, and noise. The second part of the text explores MRI methods and applications, including fast imaging, water-fat separation, steady state gradient echo imaging, echo planar imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, and induced magnetism. Lastly, the text discusses important hardware issues and parallel imaging.

Readers familiar with the first edition will find much new material, including:

• New chapter dedicated to parallel imaging
• New sections examining off-resonance excitation principles, contrast optimization in fast steady-state incoherent imaging, and efficient lower-dimension analogues for discrete Fourier transforms in echo planar imaging applications
• Enhanced sections pertaining to Fourier transforms, filter effects on image resolution, and Bloch equation solutions when both rf pulse and slice select gradient fields are present
• Valuable improvements throughout with respect to equations, formulas, and text
• New and updated problems to test further the readers' grasp of core concepts

Three appendices at the end of the text offer review material for basic electromagnetism and statistics as well as a list of acquisition parameters for the images in the book.

Acclaimed by both students and instructors, the second edition of Magnetic Resonance Imaging offers the most comprehensive and approachable introduction to the physics and the applications of magnetic resonance imaging.

Table Of Contents:

• Foreword to the Second Edition xvii

• Foreword to the First ~ Edition xxi

• Preface to the Second Edition xxvii
• Preface to the First Edition xxix
• Acknowledgements xxx
• Acknowledgements to the First Edition xxxi

1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Preview 1

• 1.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging: The Name 1
• 1.2 The Origin of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2
• 1.3 A Brief Overview of MRI Concepts 3

2 Classical Response of a Single Nucleus to a Magnetic Field 19

• 2.1 Magnetic Moment in the Presence of a Magnetic Field 20
• 2.2 Magnetic Moment with Spin: Equation of Motion 25
• 2.3 Precession Solution: Phase 29

3 Rotating Reference Frames and Resonance 37

• 3.1 Rotating Reference Frames 38
• 3.2 The Rotating Frame for an RF Field 41
• 3.3 Resonance Condition and the RF Pulse 44

4 Magnetization, Relaxation, and the Bloch Equation 53

• 4.1 Magnetization Vector 53
• 4.2 Spin-Lattice Interaction and Regrowth Solution 54
• 4.3 Spin-Spin Interaction and Transverse Decay 57
• 4.4 Bloch Equation and Static-Field Solutions 60
• 4.5 The Combination of Static and RF Fields 62

5 The Quantum Mechanical Basis of Precession and Excitation 67

• 5.1 Discrete Angular Momentum and Energy 68
• 5.2 Quantum Operators and the Schrödinger Equation 72
• 5.3 Quantum Derivation of Precession 77
• 5.4 Quantum Derivation of RF Spin Tipping 80

6 The Quantum Mechanical Basis of Thermal Equilibrium and Longitudinal Relaxation 85

• 6.1 Boltzmann Equilibrium Values 86
• 6.2 Quantum Basis of Longitudinal Relaxation  89
• 6.3 The RF Field 92

7 Signal Detection Concepts 95

• 7.1 Faraday Induction 96
• 7.2 The MRI Signal and the Principle of Reciprocity 99
• 7.3 Signal from Precessing Magnetization 101
• 7.4 Dependence on System Parameters 107

8 Introductory Signal Acquisition Methods: Free Induction Decay, Spin Echoes, Inversion Recovery, and Spectroscopy 113

• 8.1 Free Induction Decay and T∗ 2 114
• 8.2 The Spin Echo and T2 Measurements 120
• 8.3 Repeated RF Pulse Structures 126
• 8.4 Inversion Recovery and T1 Measurements 131
• 8.5 Spectroscopy and Chemical Shift 136

9 One-Dimensional Fourier Imaging, k-Space and Gradient Echoes 141

• 9.1 Signal and Effective Spin Density 142
• 9.2 Frequency Encoding and the Fourier Transform 144
• 9.3 Simple Two-Spin Example 147
• 9.4 Gradient Echo and k-Space Diagrams 151
• 9.5 Gradient Directionality and Nonlinearity 162

10 Multi-Dimensional Fourier Imaging and Slice Excitation 165

• 10.1 Imaging in More Dimensions 166
• 10.2 Slice Selection with Boxcar Excitations 175
• 10.3 2D Imaging and k-Space 184
• 10.4 3D Volume Imaging 194
• 10.5 Chemical Shift Imaging 197

11 The Continuous and Discrete Fourier Transforms 207

• 11.1 The Continuous Fourier Transform 208
• 11.2 Continuous Transform Properties and Phase Imaging 209
• 11.3 Fourier Transform Pairs 220
• 11.4 The Discrete Fourier Transform 223
• 11.5 Discrete Transform Properties 225

12 Sampling and Aliasing in Image Reconstruction 229

• 12.1 Infinite Sampling, Aliasing, and the Nyquist Criterion 230
• 12.2 Finite Sampling, Image Reconstruction, and the Discrete Fourier Transform 237
• 12.3 RF Coils, Noise, and Filtering 245
• 12.4 Nonuniform Sampling 250

13 Filtering and Resolution in Fourier Transform Image Reconstruction 261

• 13.1 Review of Fourier Transform Image Reconstruction 262
• 13.2 Filters and Point Spread Functions 264
• 13.3 Gibbs Ringing 267
• 13.4 Spatial Resolution in MRI 272
• 13.5 Hanning Filter and T∗2 Decay Effects 281
• 13.6 Zero Filled Interpolation, Sub-Voxel Fourier Transform Shift Concepts, and Point Spread Function Effects 283
• 13.7 Partial Fourier Imaging and Reconstruction 286
• 13.8 Digital Truncation 293

14 Projection Reconstruction of Images 297

• 14.1 Radial k-Space Coverage 298
• 14.2 Sampling Radial k-Space and Nyquist Limits 302
• 14.3 Projections and the Radon Transform 308
• 14.4 Methods of Projection Reconstruction with Radial Coverage 310
• 14.5 Three-Dimensional Radial k-Space Coverage 317
• 14.6 Radial Coverage Versus Cartesian k-Space Coverage 320

15 Signal, Contrast, and Noise 325

• 15.1 Signal and Noise 326
• 15.2 SNR Dependence on Imaging Parameters 334
• 15.3 Contrast, Contrast-to-Noise, and Visibility 342
• 15.4 Contrast Mechanisms in MRI and Contrast Maximization 345
• 15.5 Contrast Enhancement with T1-Shortening Agents 358
• 15.6 Partial Volume Effects, CNR, and Resolution 363
• 15.7 SNR in Magnitude and Phase Images 365
• 15.8 SNR as a Function of Field Strength 368

16 A Closer Look at Radiofrequency Pulses 375

• 16.1 Relating RF Fields and Measured Spin Density 376
• 16.2 Implementing Slice Selection 381
• 16.3 Calibrating the RF Field 383
• 16.4 Solutions of the Bloch Equations 387
• 16.5 Spatially Varying RF Excitation 393
• 16.6 RF Pulse Characteristics: Flip Angle and RF Power 400
• 16.7 Spin Tagging 405

17 Water/Fat Separation Techniques 413

• 17.1 The Effect of Chemical Shift in Imaging 413
• 17.2 Selective Excitation and Tissue Nulling 420
• 17.3 Multiple Point Water/Fat Separation Methods 428

18 Fast Imaging in the Steady State 447

• 18.1 Short-TR, Spoiled, Gradient Echo Imaging 448
• 18.2 Short-TR, Coherent, Gradient Echo Imaging 468
• 18.3 SSFP Signal Formation Mechanisms 481
• 18.4 Understanding Spoiling Mechanisms 498

19 Segmented k-Space and Echo Planar Imaging 511

• 19.1 Reducing Scan Times 512
• 19.2 Segmented k-Space: Phase Encoding Multiple k-Space Lines per RF Excitation for Gradient Echo Imaging 514
• 19.3 Echo Planar Imaging (EPI) 522
• 19.4 Alternate Forms of Conventional EPI 530
• 19.5 Artifacts and Phase Correction 543
• 19.6 Spiral Forms of EPI 549
• 19.7 An Overview of EPI Properties 556
• 19.8 Phase Encoding Between Spin Echoes and Segmented Acquisition 560
• 19.9 Mansfield 2D to 1D Transformation Insight 563

20 Magnetic Field Inhomogeneity Effects and T∗2 Dephasing 569

• 20.1 Image Distortion Due to Field Effects 570
• 20.2 Echo Shifting Due to Field Inhomogeneities in Gradient Echo Imaging 580
• 20.3 Methods for Minimizing Distortion and Echo Shifting Artifacts 587
• 20.4 Empirical T∗2 603
• 20.5 Predicting T∗2 for Random Susceptibility Producing Structures 611
• 20.6 Correcting Geometric Distortion 615

21 Random Walks, Relaxation, and Diffusion 619

• 21.1 Simple Model for Intrinsic T2 620
• 21.2 Simple Model for Diffusion 622
• 21.3 Carr-Purcell Mechanism 624
• 21.4 Meiboom-Gill Improvement 626
• 21.5 The Bloch-Torrey Equation 628
• 21.6 Some Practical Examples of Diffusion Imaging 632

22 Spin Density, T1 and T2 Quantification Methods in MR Imaging 637

• 22.1 Simplistic Estimates of ρ0, T1 T2 638
• 22.2 Estimating T1 and T2 from Signal Ratio Measurements 640
• 22.3 Estimating T1 and T2 from Multiple Signal Measurements 647
• 22.4 Other Methods for Spin Density and T1 Estimation 649
• 22.5 Practical Issues Related to T1 and T2 Measurements 657
• 22.6 Calibration Materials for Relaxation Time Measurements 665

23 Motion Artifacts and Flow Compensation 669

• 23.1 Effects on Spin Phase from Motion along the Read Direction 670
• 23.2 Velocity Compensation along the Read and Slice Select Directions 675
• 23.3 Ghosting Due to Periodic Motion 683
• 23.4 Velocity Compensation along Phase Encoding Directions 688
• 23.5 Maximum Intensity Projection 698

24 MR Angiography and Flow Quantification 701

• 24.1 Inflow or Time-of-Flight (TOF) Effects 702
• 24.2 TOF Contrast, Contrast Agents, and Spin Density/T∗2 -Weighting 711
• 24.3 Phase Contrast and Velocity Quantification 719
• 24.4 Flow Quantification 730

25 Magnetic Properties of Tissues: Theory and Measurement 739

• 25.1 Paramagnetism, Diamagnetism, and Ferromagnetism 740
• 25.2 Permeability and Susceptibility: The →H Field 744
• 25.3 Objects in External Fields: The Lorentz Sphere 745
• 25.4 Susceptibility Imaging 755
• 25.5 Brain Functional MRI and the BOLD Phenomenon 760
• 25.6 Signal Behavior in the Presence of Deoxygenated Blood 766

26 Sequence Design, Artifacts, and Nomenclature 779

• 26.1 Sequence Design and Imaging Parameters 780
• 26.2 Early Spin Echo Imaging Sequences 785
• 26.3 Fast Short TR Imaging Sequences 791
• 26.4 Imaging Tricks and Image Artifacts 798
• 26.5 Sequence Adjectives and Nomenclature 812

27 Introduction to MRI Coils and Magnets 823

• 27.1 The Circular Loop as an Example 824
• 27.2 The Main Magnet Coil 827
• 27.3 Linearly Varying Field Gradients 838
• 27.4 RF Transmit and Receive Coils 846

28 Parallel Imaging 859

• 28.1 Coil Signals, Their Images, and a One-Dimensional Test Case 860
• 28.2 Parallel Imaging with an x-Space Approach 865
• 28.3 Parallel Imaging with a k-Space Approach 873
• 28.4 Noise and the g-Factor 885
• 28.5 Additional Topics in Acquisition and Reconstruction 888

A Electromagnetic Principles: A Brief Overview 893

• A.1 Maxwell's Equations 894
• A.2 Faraday's Law of Induction 894
• A.3 Electromagnetic Forces 895
• A.4 Dipoles in an Electromagnetic Field 896
• A.5 Formulas for Electromagnetic Energy 896
• A.6 Static Magnetic Field Calculations 897

B Statistics 899

• B.1 Accuracy Versus Precision 899
• B.1.1 Mean and Standard Deviation 900
• B.2 The Gaussian Probability Distribution 901
• B.2.1 Probability Distribution 901
• B.2.2 z-Score 901
• B.2.3 Quoting Errors and Confidence Intervals 902
• B.3 Type I and Type II Errors 902
• B.4 Sum over Several Random Variables 904
• B.4.1 Multiple Noise Sources 905
• B.5 Rayleigh Distribution 906
• B.6 Experimental Validation of Noise Distributions 907
• B.6.1 Histogram Analysis 907
• B.6.2 Mean and Standard Deviation 909

C Imaging Parameters to Accompany Figures 913

• Index 923

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