Table of contents:

Preface

Introduction

Limited access to human material

Content and structure of the book

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1: Craniofacial development and the body axis: normal and pathological aspects
from early prenatal to postnatal life

Body axis pre- and postnatally

Germ disc and notochord

Formation of the vertebral column

Cervical spine pre- and postnatally

The interrelationship between the body axis and the cranium

Craniofacial development pre- and postnatally

Cranial base (excluding the sella turcica)

Sella Turcica

Maxilla

Mandible

Theca cranii

Vomeral bone

Nasal bones

Temporal bone

Craniofacial morphology and growth

Highlights and clinical relevance

Chapter 2: Craniofacial development and the brain: normal and pathological aspects
from early prenatal to postnatal life

Central nervous system (CNS) in relation to neurocranial development pre- and postnatally

Spinal cord

Trigeminal ganglia

Vomeronasal organs

Pituitary gland and sella turcica

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) pre- and postnatally

Jaw innervation and bone formation

Highlights and clinical relevance

Chapter 3: Developmental fields in the cranium and alveolar process

Definition of developmental field

Developmental fields in the cranium

Frontonasal field

Maxillary field and palatine field

Mandibular field

Theca field

Occipital field

How can craniofacial fields be proven?

Developmental fields in the alveolar process

The upper jaw and the dentition

The lower jaw and the dentition

Highlights and clinical relevance

Chapter 4: Tooth development and tooth maturation
from early prenatal to postnatal life

Histological evaluation of early tooth development

Tissues involved in dental bud formation

Inner enamel epithelium and hard tissue formation

Outer enamel epithelium and crown follicle

Root membrane and root development

Sequences in prenatal tooth formation

Radiographic evaluation of normal dental maturation

Radiographic appearance of prenatal crowns before GA 22 weeks

Radiographic evaluation of postnatal dental maturity

Clinical evaluation of dental maturation

Tooth formation from the initial stages to the eruption stages: relation to fields, gender, age and skeletal maturity

Similarities and differences in primary and permanent dental development

Highlights

Chapter 5: Periodontal membrane and peri-root sheet

Periodontal membrane

Peri-root sheet

Definition

Composition and function

The peri-root sheet in the primary and permanent dentition

Highlights and clinical relevance

Chapter 6: Normal tooth eruption and alveolar bone formation

Tooth eruption mechanism and alveolar bone formation

Tooth eruption and jaw growth

Eruption sequences in the primary and permanent dentition

Highlights and clinical relevance 

Chapter 7: Etiology-based diagnostics
methods and classification of abnormal development

Why used etiology-based diagnostics?

Definitions of key words

Etiology

Malformation

Disruption

Deformation

Dysplasia

Hypoplasia and hyperplasia

Hypotrophy and hypertrophy

Agenesis and aplasia

Polytopic field defect

Sequence

Syndrome

Analyzing the dentition, oral cavity and cranium: practical guide

Anamnestic record

General health and body development

Analysis of the face and head/cranium

Analysis of the oral cavity and teeth

Highlights

Clinical relevance

Chapter 8: Deviation in tooth morphology and color

Normal and pathological variations including syndromes

Primary dentition crown, root and pulp

Malformation of incisors, canines and molars

Disruption in the primary dentition

Dysplasia in the primary dentition

Permanent dentition crown, root and pulp

Malformation of incisors, canines, premolars and molars

Disruption in the permanent dentition

Dysplasia in the permanent dentition

Abnormal dental development: fields and bilateralism

How to analyze the etiology behind deviation in tooth morphology: is it malformation, disruption or dysplasia?

Highlights

Clinical relevance

Chapter 9: Deviations in tooth number

Normal and pathological variations including syndromes

Agenesis: possible etiologies

Agenesis of the primary and permanent dentition: hypodontia

Primary dentition agenesis

Permanent dentition agenesis

Syndromes, disruption, dysplasia and hypodontia

Supernumerary teeth: possible etiologies

Supernumerary teeth in the primary and permanent dentition: hyperdontia

Primary dentition supernumeraries

Permanent dentition supernumeraries

Syndromes, dysplasia and supernumerary teeth

How to analyze the etiology behind deviation in tooth number

Highlights

Clinical relevance

Chapter 10: Tooth eruption and alveolar bone formation

Abnormal pattern including syndromes    

Pathological eruption of primary teeth

Abnormal times for eruption

Total failure to erupt

Arrested eruption of single teeth

Pathological eruption of permanent teeth

Abnormal times for eruption

Ectopic eruption of maxillary canines

Ectopic eruption of mandibular canines

Transposition

Ectopic eruption of molars, premolars and other teeth

Arrested eruption after trauma

Arrested eruption due to lack of space

Arrested eruption due to obstacles in the eruption pathway

Primary retention of molars, premolars and incisors

Secondary retention of molars, premolars and incisors

Primary failure of tooth eruption

Retention of teeth due to virus attack

Retention due to non-shedding of primary teeth

Abnormal eruption in syndromes and dysplasia

Segmental odonto-maxillary/mandibular dysplasia

Eruption and heredity

Eruption problems in both dentitions

Localized abnormal alveolar bone formation

Juvenile periodontitis: theory and heredity

Hypophosphatesia and Papillon Le Fevre

Why analyze the etiology behind abnormal eruption?

Highlights

Clinical relevance

Chapter 11: Root and crown resorption

Normal and abnormal pattern including syndromes

Tooth resorption theory

Resorption in the primary dentition

Shedding times

Resorption in the permanent dentition

When does resorption occur in normally developed individuals?

Dentitions especially exposed to root resorption

Root resorption and heredity: short roots or resorbed roots?

Root resoption in syndromes, dysplasia and disruptions

Prevention of root resorption in the permanent dentition

Other examples of resorption

Root resorption in primary and permanent dentitions

How to analyze the etiology behind abnormal root resorption in the permanent dentition

Highlights

Clinical relevance

Chapter 12: Seemingly normal nonsyndromic dentitions are phenotypically different

The interrelationship between deviations in the dentition and the craniofacial profile

Introduction

Heredity and the dentition

Dentitions with agenesis of single teeth

Dentitions with multiple tooth agenesis

Dentitions with macrodontic maxillary central incisors

Dentitions with supernumerary teeth

Dentitions with ectopic canines

Dentitions with transpositions

Dentitions with arrested eruption of primary molars

Dentitions suitable for tooth transplantation

Dentitions with arrested eruption of permanent teeth

Dentitions with persistence of a primary molar in adulthood

Dentitions with idiopathic resorption

Highlights

Clinical relevance

Chapter 13: Craniofacial syndromes and malformations
prenatal and postnatal observations

Holoprosencephaly/SMMCI syndrome (Single Median Maxillary Central Incisor Syndrome)

Cerebellar hypoplasia/ cri-du-chat syndrome

Myelomeningoceles/spina bifida and hydrocephalus

Down’s syndrome (Trisomy 21)

Turner’s syndrome

Fragile X syndrome

Crouzon’s syndrome

DiGeorge’s/velo-cardio-facial syndrome

Cleft lip and palate

Cleft lip: pre- and postnatal findings

Isolated cleft palate: pre- and postnatal findings

Combined cleft lip and palate: pre- and postnatal findings

Cleft lip and palate etiologies

Comparison between pre- and postnatal findings: results and restrictions

Malformations: non-syndromic examples

Highlights

Clinical relevance

Chapter 14: Craniofacial disruptions
prenatal and postnatal observations

Prenatal disruptions

Amniotic band: sequence

Virus infection and maternal alcohol intake

Postnatal disruptions

Premature birth

Trauma

Virus and bacterial attack

Brain tumors and radiation/chemotherapy

Acromegaly

Highlights

Clinical relevance

Chapter 15: Craniofacial dysplasia
prenatal and postnatal observations

Endochondral and intramembranous bone dysplasia in the cranium

Chondrodystrophy

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Osteosclerosis

Hypophosphatemic rickets

Dysostosis cleidocranialis

Dysplasia in non-osseous tissue

Ectodermal dysplasia

Localized scleroderma en coup de sabre

Amelogenesis imperfecta

Dentinogenesis imperfecta and dentin dysplasia

Suture dysplasia

Highlights

Clinical relevance

Chapter 16: Hard tissue as a diagnostic tool in medicine

Summary of results

Perspectives for prenatal craniofacial pathology

Perspectives for perinatal and pediatric pathology

Perspectives for clinical and basic research

The prenatal cranium as a predictor for postnatal development

The dentition as a diagnostic tool in medicine

Association between dental and craniofacial development

Perspectives for anthropology

Conclusion

Chapter 17: Clinical cases and unanswered questions

Clinical cases

Conditions in diagnostics, treatment planning and outcome

Examples of diagnostics and treatment of eruption problems

Problems in permanent molar eruption: later diagnosed as primary retention

Problems in permanent molar eruption: later diagnosed as secondary retention

Problems in permanent molar eruption: later diagnosed as primary failure of eruption

Problems in premolar eruption

Eruption problems can be a sign of susceptibility to root resorption

Eruption problems caused by supernumerary teeth

Unanswered questions

“What is this?”

“Can medication influence tooth formation?”

Index